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Sains
Malaysiana 54(4)(2025): 1147-1158
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5404-14
Fabricated Germanium-Doped Silica
Optical Fibres: A Novel Dose Meter for Clinical Blood Irradiation
(Gentian Optik Silika Terdop
Germanium: Suatu Meter Dos Baharu untuk Penyinaran Darah Klinikal)
KU SHAIDATON AKMAR KU BAKAR1,
NORAMALIZA MOHD NOOR1,2,* & FARIDAH ISMAIL3
Received:
9 September 2024/Accepted: 16 December 2024
Abstract
TA-GVH
disease represents a potential adverse effect associated with blood
transfusions, highlighting the importance of irradiating blood components
within defined limits to effectively mitigate this risk. The recommended
irradiation doses range from 25 to 50 Gy, with a peripheral threshold
established at 15 Gy. This study explores the feasibility of using fabricated
germanium-doped (Ge-doped) silica-based optical fibres as dose indicators
during clinical blood transfusions. Two types of 2.3 mol% Ge-doped optical
fibres were tested: cylindrical (CF) and flat (FF). Calibration was performed
using a Cobalt-60 gamma-ray machine across a dose range of 5 to 50 Gy. Clinical
trials were conducted using a Cesium-137 source blood irradiator. A central
dose of 25 Gy was delivered to real adult blood bags, which were exposed to
gamma rays for 9 min and 56 s. Thermoluminescence (TL) signals from the fibres
were measured with a HarshawTM 3500 TLD reader, and compared with EBT-XD film
and conventional dose indicator stickers. The study found no statistically
significant difference among dosimeters, with a p-value of 0.285 (p > 0.05,
95% Confidence Level) for the 25 Gy dose. Mean errors were 3.4% for CF and 4.3%
for FF when compared to EBT-XD film. These results indicate that Ge-doped
optical fibres offer precise, quantitative measurements of blood irradiation
doses, unlike conventional dose stickers which provide only qualitative visual
indicators. This innovative dosimetry approach shows significant potential as a
cost-effective, reusable, and highly sensitive alternative for clinical blood
irradiation.
Keywords:
Blood irradiation dosimetry; dose indicator; fabricated germanium-doped optical
fibres; thermoluminescence
Abstrak
Penyakit
TA-GVH merupakan kesan sampingan berpotensi berkaitan dengan pemindahan darah,
menekankan kepentingan untuk penyinaran komponen darah dalam had tertentu bagi
mengurangkan risiko ini dengan berkesan. Dos penyinaran yang disyorkan adalah
antara 25 hingga 50 Gy dengan ambang periferal ditetapkan pada 15 Gy. Kajian ini meneroka kemungkinan penggunaan gentian optik
berasaskan silika yang digentikan germanium (terdop Ge) sebagai penunjuk dos
semasa pemindahan darah klinikal. Dua jenis gentian optik 2.3 mol% terdop Ge
telah diuji: silinder (CF) dan rata (FF). Kalibrasi dilakukan menggunakan mesin
sinar gamma Cobalt-60 dalam julat dos dari 5 hingga 50 Gy. Ujian klinikal
dijalankan menggunakan peranti penyinaran darah sumber Cesium-137. Dos pusat
sebanyak 25 Gy diberikan kepada beg darah dewasa sebenar yang terdedah kepada
sinar gamma selama 9 minit dan 56 saat. Isyarat termoluminesens (TL) daripada
gentian diukur dengan pembaca HarshawTM 3500 TLD dan dibandingkan dengan filem
EBT-XD dan pelekat penunjuk dos konvensional. Kajian mendapati tiada perbezaan
yang signifikan secara statistik antara penunjuk dos dengan nilai p 0.285 (p
> 0.05, Tahap Keyakinan 95%) untuk dos 25 Gy. Ralat purata adalah 3.4% untuk
CF dan 4.3% untuk FF berbanding filem EBT-XD. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahawa
gentian optik terdop Ge menyediakan pengukuran dos yang tepat dan kuantitatif
untuk penyinaran darah berbanding dengan pelekat dos konvensional yang hanya
memberikan penunjuk visual kualitatif. Pendekatan dosimetri inovatif ini
menunjukkan potensi yang signifikan sebagai alternatif kos-berkesan, boleh
digunakan semula dan sangat sensitif untuk penggunaan klinikal dalam penyinaran
darah.
Kata
kunci: Dosimetri penyinaran darah; gentian optik terdop germanium; penunjuk
dos; termoluminesens
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*Corresponding author;
email: noramaliza@upm.edu.my
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